Sports Medicine Questions and Answers CBSE Class 12 Board Exams

1 Mark Questions

Answer : Sports medicine is a branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of injuries related to participation in sports and/or exercise.

Answer : Acute injuries are the injuries that occur due to sudden trauma to the tissue. The symptoms of acute injuries present themselves almost immediately. For example sprains, fracture etc.

Answer : The three important objectives of sports medicine are:

i) Scientific promotion of sports.

ii) Developing preventive healthcare.

iii) Providing sports medical extension services.

Answer : First aid is the assistance given to any person suffering a sudden illness or injury, with care provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening and/or promote recovery.

Answer : In dermatology, an abrasion is a wound caused by superficial damage to the skin, no deeper than the epidermis. Mild abrasion is known as grazes or scrapes, a more traumatic abrasion that removes all layers of skin, is known as avulsion.

Answer : RICER is one the standard treatment procedures for sports injuries. It stands for Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation and Referral.

Answer : An incision of skin and subcutaneous tissue is a surgical procedure performed in order to drain an abcess. An incision is a cut or a wound produced by a cutting with a scalpel.

3 Marks Questions

Answer : Sports medicine deals with injuries related to participation in sports or in exercise. It is not a single field of speciality. It is an area that involves healthcare professionals, researches and educators from a wide variety of disciplines. Also, sports medicine requires the combination of medical knowledge with knowledge of a particular sport. It is not only curative and rehabilitative, but also preventive.

Answer : Sports medicine is one of the very important fields in professional sports. Sports injuries have great impact on the physiology and psychology of athletes. Also there is social and financial harm associated with them. Therefore sports medicine is needed to ensure overall development and growth of an athlete.

Answer : The scope of sports medicine is very wide. Other than the prevention and treatment of sports related injuries, sports medicine also looks at a diverse area. The scope of sports medicine involves issues related to women’s participation in sports. Also athletic nutrition, fitness and psychological aspect of sports performance are areas of concern for sports medicine.

Apart from these, sports medicine also deals with ageing and sports performance, illness caused by environment, physiological and psychological disturbances. Adaptive physical training, conditioning exercises and use and abuse of drugs are also fields of study for sports medicine.

Answer : The main objectives of first aid are as follows:

• Preserving life by carrying out emergency first aid procedure. It also includes first aider’s life.
• Preventing the casualty’s condition from deteriorating any further.
• Promoting recovery by arranging prompt emergency medical help.

Answer : Strain and sprain are two common soft tissue injuries. Strain is caused due to tearing of muscle fibres with pain, swelling and loss of muscle strength. On the other hand, sprain is a partial or complete tear of a ligament with symptoms of pain, swelling, bruising, loss of function, and often an audible ‘popping sound’.

Answer : Sports injuries are classified in various ways. The classification can be based on the time taken for the tissues to become injuried, the tissue type affected and severity of the injury.

These are detailed below:

i) Classification based on time taken for the tissue to become injured:

a) Acute injuries

b) Overuse injuries

ii) Classification based on tissue type affected:

a) Soft tissue injuries

b) Hard tissue injuries

c) Special tissue injuries

iii) Classification based on severity

a) Mild injuries

b) Moderate injuries

c) Severe injuries

Answer : i) Yes, protective gears are very important in sports as they serve an integral role in maintaining the safety of the players and in preventing injuries. In contact sports like football, handball and in sports where prop is used like hockey sticks, players have a greater chance of injury. Therefore protective gears are important.

ii) Injury at the superficial layer of the skin, also called abrasion is a soft injury.

The RICER technique should be used as a first aid in soft tissue injuries.

5 Marks Questions

Answer : Objectives of first aid are as follows:

i) Preserve Life : Main aim of first aid is to preserve life by carrying out emergency first aid procedures. For example, opening a Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CCR). Preserving life should always be the overall aim of all first aiders. This includes first aider’s own life. We should never put ourselves or others in danger. This is why the first stage in assessing a casualty is to conduct a risk assessment and check for any dangers. If a situation is too dangerous to approach, we should stay back and call for professional help.

ii) Prevent Deterioration : The second aim of first aid is to prevent the casualty’s condition from deteriorating any further. For example, asking a casualty with a broken limb to stay still and padding around the injury will prevent the fracture from moving and causing further injury or pain.

In addition, this aim includes preventing further injuries. We should attempt to make the area as safe as possible and removing any dangers. If removing danger is not possible, we should attempt to remove the patient from the danger or call for specialist help.

iii) Promote Recovery : Finally we can promote recovery by arranging prompt emergency medical help. In addition, simple first aid can significantly affect the long-term recovery of an injury. For example, quickly cooling a burn will reduce the risk of long-term scarring and will encourage early healing.

Answer : Sports injuries are classified in various ways. The classification can be based on the time taken for the tissues to become injured, the tissue type affected and severity of the injury.

These are indicated below:

i) Classification based on time taken for the tissue to become injured:

a) Acute injuries

b) Overuse injuries

ii) Classification based on tissue type affected:

a) Soft tissue injuries

b) Hard tissue injuries

c) Special tissue injuries

iii) Classification based on severity

a) Mild injuries

b) Moderate injuries

c) Severe injuries

RICER stands for Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation and Referral. RICER is used to manage soft tissue injury to reduce scarring and pain for faster recovery. This is a technique to be used as a first aid technique immediately after an injury occurs.

Answer : The major aim of sports medicine is maintaining physical fitness of sportspersons. It also aims at treating and preventing sports related injuries and rapid recovery of patients. There are three specific aims of sports medicine.

i) Scientific Promotion of Sports and Games

ii) Developing Preventive Healthcare

iii) Sports Medical Extension Services

The scope of sports medicine is very wide. It is not a single area of speciality. It is an area that involves healthcare professionals, researchers and educators from a wide variety of disciplines. Other than the prevention and treatment of sports related injuries, sports medicine also looks after a diverse area.

Answer : a) Fracture : Fracture is a crack or full break in a bone or bones. It can be closed or open. It has symptoms of intense pain, loss of function, swelling, bruising and possible deformity.

b) Dislocation : Dislocation means partial or total separation of a joint. It most commonly affects ball and socket joints. Its symptoms include pain, bruising, swelling, loss of function and deformity.

c) Green Stick : Green stick is a fracture in a young, soft bone. In green stick the bone bends and breaks.

d) Stress Fracture : Stress fracture is a microfracture in bones. It occurs usually in the tibia. It leads to localised pain and tenderness.

e) Concussion : Concussion is a head injury with a temporary loss of brain function. Concussion can cause a variety of physical, cognitive and emotional symptoms in athletes.

Answer : The musculoskeletal system comprises over half the body mass. The most common musculoskeletal dysfunctions are joint stiffness, joint swelling and joint pains.

Bones, being non-yielding structures, are damaged when excessive force is applied directly or indirectly. The nature of the damage depends on the direction of the applied force on the bones and the manner in which these bones are attached to other structures. The principal acute skeletal injuries are sprains, strains, subluxation, fractures and dislocations.

Many fractures and dislocation complications such as nerve and vessel injury occur not from the trauma itself but from poor first-aid which does not provide adequate splinting prior to movement. Traumatic bone injury rarely occurs without significant soft-tissue damage. Fractures are classified as open and closed.

An open fracture is one in which there is a break in the skin that is contiguous with the fracture. The bone is either protruding from the wound or exposed through a channel, which can be produced by an arrow, javelin, bullet or other ways.

Answer : To effectively diagnose, rehabilitate and ultimately prevent subsequent injuries, a sport therapist should know the causes or mechanism of injury. Some common causes of sports injury are:

i) Anatomical Factors : These are related to make up of the body. Leg length differences and body misalignment can lead to unequal forces being transferred to the tissues. It can cause injuries to ankle, hip and back.

ii) Age Related Causes : As the body ages, it changes. It is less able to produce force, recovers slower and soft tissues lose the ability to stretch. Therefore it is more prone to injury.

iii) Training Related Causes : Excessive repetitive loading of the tissue is needed for successive adaptation. However without suitable recovery, tissues never have the chance to adapt and can fail.

iv) Equipment Selection Factors : These are related to the suitability of equipment. An instance is incorrect footwear, which will not protect the foot and ankle adequately. It also will not distribute forces effectively. Thus it increases the risk of injury.

v) Impact and Contact Causes : Impact or contact can be with objects, surfaces or other people. These injuries are common in contact sports like football, rugby, hockey etc. Also they are common in more dangerous sports like motor racing, boxing and skiing.

Answer : One of the important objectives of sports medicine is preventing injuries. It also prevents other physical, mental, social and financial harm accompanying sports injuries. General techniques that can prevent sports injuries are:

i) Warm-Up and Cool-Down : A well structured warm-up and cool-down is necessary to increase blood and nutrient flow and concentration. Also it helps in relaxation, improved flexibility and recovery of muscles.

ii) Planning a Session : Careful planning of training and rehabilitation sessions allows gradual specific adaptations. It reduces the damage to the tissues as a result of training.

iii) Using Protective Equipment : The use of protective equipment like proper footwear, helmets, googles, gum shield, shin pads and gloves prevents many sports injuries.

iv) Adherence to the Rules : If all performers are aware of and adhere to the rules and laws of the particular sport, then injuries can be reduced to a great extent.

v) Psychological Training : Some form of mental skills training and practice could reduce injuries by reducing anxiety and improving concentration.

Answer : The standard techniques for sports injury management are TOTAPS, RICER and No-HARM techniques.

These techniques are generally helpful for treating minor and non-serious injuries to soft tissues and to bones and joints. These techniques are essential for accurate assessment and quick recovery form injuries.

TOTAPS stands for Talk, Observe, Touch, Active movement, Passive movement and Skill test. It is helpful in assessing all non-serious injuries.

RICER is used to manage soft tissue injuries to reduce scarring and pain for faster recovery. RICER stands for Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation and Referral. It should be used as a first-aid technique.

No-HARM or Avoid harm technique stands for No-Heat, No-Alcohol, No-Running and No-Message. These are important precautions that any injured athlete must take for the first 72 hours after an injury occurs.

Answer : Sports injuries are injuries that occur in sports related activities. They can result from acute trauma, or from overuse of a particular body part.

Classification : Sports injuries can be based on the time taken for the tissues to become injured, tissue type affected and the severity of the injury.

Acute and Overuse Injuries : It is based on the time taken for the tissues to become injured. Acute injuries occur due to sudden trauma to the tissue.

Common acute injuries are sprains, fractures and dislocations. Overuse injuries are not so pervasive and represent a greater challenge for the sports therapist in diagnosis and management.

Overuse injuries occur over a period of time. These are usually caused due to repetitive loading of a particular tissue or tissues. Symptoms of such example of overuse injuries are tennis elbow, achilles tendinitis, iliotibial band syndrome, swimmer’s shoulder etc.

Injuries Based on Tissue Type Injured : Sports injuries can be classified according to which tissue has been damaged. This allows sports therapists to identify soft, hard and special tissue injuries. The injuries to muscle, ligament, tendon and skin are soft tissue injuries.

The injuries to bones, joints and particular cartilage are hard tissue injuries. On the other hand, the injuries to brain, peripheral nerves, eyes, nose, sinuses, organs, teeth and blood vessels are special tissue injuries.

Injuries Based on Severity : Most sports injuries require sportspersons to reduce participation or cease it altogether. Therefore sports injuries can also be classified relating to how long the symptoms present themselves.

Thus, injuries can be classified as:

i) Mild injuries, which usually last for 1-7 days.

ii) Moderate injuries, which usually last for 8-20 days.

iii) Severe injuries, which usually last for 21 days and may also lead to permanent damage.

Prevention : General preventive measures that can prevent sports injuries are:

i) Warm-Up and Cool-Down : A well structured warm-up and cool-down is necessary to either prepare the individual physically and mentally or aid recovery from sport/exercise.

ii) Planning a Session : Any training or rehabilitation programme should be carefully planned considering frequency, intensity, duration and type of training method. If programmes are carefully arranged, it allows a gradual specific adaptation to the imposed demands and reduced damage to the tissues as a result of training.

iii) Using Protective Equipment : The use of protective equipment is to prevent harmful movements, reduce or disperse shock and force, and act as a shield to block force. Key pieces of protective equipment are footwear, helmet, goggles, gum shield, shin pads, gloves etc.

iv) Adherence to the Rules : If all performers are aware of and adhere to the rules and laws of the game, then injuries can be reduced.

v) Regular Fitness Testing : Individuals must be fit enough to train or compete, otherwise their tissues can fail. Regular fitness testing will ensure individuals have the basic fitness to participate safely and effectively.

vi) Psychological Training : Some form of mental skills training and practice could reduce injury by reducing anxiety, improving attention and allowing athletes to achieve arousal for their sport.

vii) Meeting Nutritional Requirements : Active individuals have increased nutritional requirements to meet extra energy, hydration and recover needs. Increasing carbohydrate, fluid and protein intake can play an important role in injury prevention by delaying fatigue and promoting recovery.

Value Based Question

Answer : i) He fell down and was unconscious.

ii) Pradeep came to know that it was heat stroke because body of Rohan was very hot, skin was hot red and dry and pulse rate was also rapid which are the signs of heat stroke.

iii) Ram told Pradeep to call ambulance and carried Rohan near cooler to reduce heat.

iv) Ram removed his clothing and also tried to bring down his temperature with cold sponge.

v) Values shown by Ram were helpful, awareness and intelligence.