The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China Questions and Answers CBSE Class 10 Board Exam

1 Mark Questions

Question 1 : What was the results o f the peace negotiations in Geneva that followed the French defeat in Vietnam?

Answer : After the French defeat peace negotiations held in Geneva, Vietnam was divided into north and south. The north came under the power of Ho Chi Minh whereas the south was put in power of Bao Dai.

Question 2. Name the writer who wrote a play based on the lives of Trung sisters.

Answer : In the year 1913, Phan Boi Chau wrote a play which was based on the lives of the Trung sisters.

Question 3. What were the two bases of colonial economy in Vietnam?

Answer : The economy of Vietnam was based mainly on the rice cultivation and the rubber plantation.

Question 4. Who were called colons in Vietnam?

Answer : The colons were the French citizens in Vietnam.

Question 5. What was the main aim of the Scholars Revolt of 1868?

Answer : In the year 1868, the Scholars revolt took place which was basically against the French control and the spread of Christianity in Vietnam.

Question 6. What was the main aim to establish Tonkin Free School in Vietnam by French?

Answer : In the year 1907, Tonkin Free School was set up for providing western style education in Vietnam that focused on science, hygiene and French.

Question 7. Name the writer who wrote the book ‘The History of the Loss of Vietnam’.

Answer : The book named “the History of the Loss of Vietnam” was written by the Phan Boi Chau.

Question 8. How was the maritime silk route useful for Vietnam?

Answer : Vietnam was linked with the maritime silk route through which goods, people and ideas were brought.

Question 9 . What is the meaning of concentration camps?

Answer : These were the prisons where the people were detained, tortured and given brutal treatment without any due process of the law.

Question 10. Why were Nghe An and Ha Tinh provinces called the ‘electrical fuses’ of Vietnam?

Answer : The Nghe An and Ha Tinh were the two poorest provinces in Vietnam which was called the ‘electrical fuses’ because they were the first to blow when the system was under pressure.

Question 11. W h e n did Vietnam gain formal independence?

Answer : Vietnam gained formal independence in September 1945.

Question 12. Mention any two major barriers to economic growth in Vietnam.

Answer : Paul Bernard said that high population growth, low agricultural production and indebtedness are the barriers to economic growth in Vietnam.

Question 13. In which area of Vietnam was Hoa Hao Movement more popular?

Answer : The Hoa Hao Movement started in the Mekong delta region of Vietnam.

Question 14. Where was the Rat hunting started in Vietnam?

Answer : The Rat hunting was started in the Hanoi region of Vietnam.

Question 15 : Name the founder o f the Hoa Hao movement.

Answer : The Hoa Hao movement was founded by Huynh Phu So.

3 Marks Questions

Question 16 : Describe any three problems faced by the French in the sphere of education in Vietnam.

Answer : The three problems faced by the French in the sphere of education in Vietnam were:

(a) The French wanted to civilize the natives through education but the dilemma was how far they should be educated.

(b) By educating the natives, French would get educated local labour force but they had the fear that the educated natives may start questioning the colonial domination.

(c) The colons or the French citizens in Vietnam had the fear of losing their jobs if the Vietnamese get full access to the French education. So this policy was opposed by the colons.

(d) Another important dilemma with the French was about the medium of instruction in Vietnam. For this there were two broad views. One group was in favour of the introduction of French as the only medium of instruction where as another group suggested French language for the higher class and Vietnamese language for the lower class. One more group gave the suggestion of rewarding the French citizenship to those who acquired French culture.

Question 17 : Describe any three changes that came in the life of Vietnamese after the colonisation of Vietnam by the French.

Explain any three steps taken by the French to develop cultivation in Mekong Delta.

Describe any three steps taken by the French to develop agriculture in Vietnam.

Answer : The three changes that came in the life of Vietnamese after the colonisation of Vietnam by the French were:

(a) France build canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta region. This resulted in the increase of the rice production and by the year 1931, Vietnam became the third largest exporter of rice in the world.

(b) For the movement of goods, military garrisons and control over the region the French developed the infrastructural projects in Vietnam.

Question 18 : Describe any three efforts made by the French to suppress the movement inspired by Huynh Phu So.

Answer : (a) The Hoa Hao movement started in the year 1939 in the Mekong delta region. This movement was founded by Huynh Phu So. This movement was based on the religious ideas.

(b) Huynh Phu So performed miracles, helped the poor, criticized the useless expenditure, the sale of child brides, gambling and also the use of alcohol and opium.

(c) Huynh Phu So was declared mad by the French and was called Mad Bonze. Later on, he was put in mental asylum where the doctors proved him sane.

(d) Then after, he was exiled to Laos and his followers were sent to the concentration camps.

Question 19 : How did nationalism emerge in Vietnam through the efforts of different sections of society to fight against the French? Analyse.

Answer : The following were the ways through which nationalism emerge in Vietnam through the efforts of different sections of society to fight against the French:

(a) In the year 1868, the Scholars revolt took place which was basically against the French control and the spread of Christianity in Vietnam. In the Ngu An and the Ha Tien provinces, over thousands of Catholics were killed which was crushed by the French but inspired other patriots.

(b) The Confucian scholar-activists Phan Boi Chau formed the Revolutionary Society called Duy Tan Hoi in the year 1903. Prince Cuong De was the head of the society. Phan Chu Trinh wanted the French to set up legal and educational institution and develop the agriculture and industries.

(c) The Go East Movement became very popular in which some 300 Vietnamese students migrated to Japan. Their main objectives was to acquire modern education, to drive out the French from Vietnam, to overthrow the puppet emperor in Vietnam and to re-establish the Nguyen dynasty.

Question 20 : ‘Th e H o Chi Minh Trail became advantageous to Vietnamese in the war against the US.’ Support the statement with arguments.

Answer : (a) The Ho Chi Minh trail was an immense network of footpath and roads which was used for transporting men and material from north to south during the US-Vietnam war. The trail was mostly outside Vietnam in Laos and Cambodia. The trail had its branch lines extending into South Vietnam. This trail was regularly bombed and destroyed by the US but was rebuilt very quickly.

(b) For providing medical services and other needs there were support bases and hospitals.

(c) Along the Ho Chi Minh trail mostly the porters carried the supplies about 25 kilos on their backs or upto 70 kilos on their bicycles but in some parts the supplies were carried by the trucks.

Question 21 : ‘French tried to solve educational problems in Vietnam in different ways.’Support the statement.

Answer : This is true to say that the French tried to solve educational problems in Vietnam in different ways because:

(a) France also had a civilizing mission in Vietnam. They said that Europe had the most advanced civilizations and therefore, it is their duty to introduce these modern ideas in their colonies. For this civilizing mission they even destroyed the local cultures, religion and traditions because they thought that these are outdated and barriers in the modern development process.

(b) The French wanted to civilize the native through education but the dilemma was how far they should be educated. By educating the natives French would get educated local labour force butthey had the fear that the educated natives may start questioning the colonial domination. The colons or the French citizens in Vietnam had the fear of losing their jobs if the Vietnamese get full access to the French education. So this policy was opposed by the colons. The elite Vietnamese were highly influenced by the Chinese culture and traditional educational system which was dismantled by the French by opening French schools in Vietnam.

(c) In Vietnam the school textbooks glorified the French and justified that the colonial rule by stating that the peasants are no longer in terror and there is peace in the country. In the year 1907 Tonkin Free School was set up for providing western style education in Vietnam that focused on science, hygiene and French. The approach of this school was to make them modern which is not possible just by the science and western ideas but also by the adoption of the western looks such as having a short hair and keeping hygiene.

Question 22 : Describe the major protest that erupted in Saigon Native Girls School in 1926, in Vietnam. [Delhi 2015] OR Why did major protest erupt in 1926 in the Saigon Native Girls School in Vietnam? Explain.

Answer : (a) In the year 1926, a major protest erupted in the Saigon Native Girls School when a Vietnamese girl was expelled by the principal for refusing the front seat for a French student to sit in the front. All other students who supported her in this protest were expelled. But later on, when this protest became widespread, the students were called back to school and threatened.

(b) In other schools of Vietnam the students were fighting against the colonial government schooling system and their deliberate policy of failing the students so that they could not qualify for the white color jobs.

(c) Students in Vietnam were forming political parties by the year 1920s. One such party was party of Young Annan and they published a journal named Annanese Student.

Question 23 : How did Paul Bernard argue in favour of economic development of Vietnam? Explain.

Answer : It was believed that the colonies had to serve the interest of the mother country. According to the Paul Bernard, it was possible only when the economy of the colonies are developed.

(a) He said that if we have to get profit from the colonies then we need to develop it and also raise the standard of living of the people. This will lead to increase in sale of goods and expansion of French business.

(b) Paul Bernard said that high population growth, low agricultural production and indebtedness are the barriers to economic growth in Vietnam.

(c) Paul Bernard suggested some measures to reduce the rural poverty and increase the agricultural production. He said that it is possible through land reform measures and industrialisation which will create employment opportunities.

Question 24 : How was the education policy unfavorable to the Vietnamese students during the colonial period? Explain.

Answer : The education policy was unfavorable to the Vietnamese students during the colonial period because:

(a) In Vietnam, the school textbooks glorified the French and justified that the colonial rule by stating that the peasants are no longer in terror and there is peace in the country.

(b) In the school textbooks, the Vietnamese were represented as primitive, backward, manual labourers and skilled copyist. They are not intellectual, not creative and cannot rule themselves.

(c) In the year 1907, Tonkin Free School was set up for providing western style education in Vietnam that focused on science, hygiene and French. The approach of this school was to make them modern which is not possible just by the science and western ideas but also by the adoption of the western looks such as having a short hair and keeping hygiene.

Question 25. How did the students in Vietnam fight against colonial government efforts to prevent Vietnamese from qualifying for “white color jobs”? Explain.

Answer : The students in Vietnam fought against colonial government efforts to prevent Vietnamese from qualifying for “white color jobs”.

(a) Only a small fraction of the Vietnamese elite people enrolled in the schools but very few were able to pass the school-leaving examination due to the deliberate policy of failing the students by the French. It was to restrict them from getting qualified for the better paid jobs. In the year 1907, Tonkin Free School was set up for providing western style education in Vietnam that focused on science, hygiene and French.

(b) In schools of Vietnam the students were fighting against the colonial government schooling system and their deliberate policy of failing the students so that they could not qualify for the white color jobs.

(c) The Vietnamese were losing their control over the territory, identity, culture and customs. Therefore the Vietnamese mobilized the people with patriotic feelings and convicted that it is the duty of the educated Vietnamese to fight against these domination. Students in Vietnam were forming political parties by the year 1920s. One such party was party of Young Annan and they published a journal named Annanese Student.

Question 26. Explain the ideas of Phan Chu Trinh to establish a democratic republic in Vietnam.

Answer : (a) Phan Chu Trinh was a nationalist who was totally against the monarchy system. He wanted to establish a Democratic Republic.

(b) Phan Chu Trinh was influenced by the democratic ideals of the west. So, he did not wanted a complete rejection of the western civilisation.

Question 27. Explain the contribution of Ho Chi Minh in the freedom movement of Vietnam.

Answer : (a) HoChiMinhestablishedtheVietnamese communist party named Vietnam Cong San Dang in February 1930. Later on this party was renamed as Indo-Chinese Communist Party. Japan occupied Vietnam in the year 1940. The league for the independence of Vietnam fought against this domination and recaptured Hanoi in September 1945. This resulted in the formation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and Ho Chi Minh became the Chairman.

(b) After the French defeat peace negotiations held in Geneva where Vietnam was divided into north and south. The north came under the power of Ho Chi Minh and the communist whereas the south was put in power of Bao Dai. The national liberation front of the South Vietnam took the help of the Ho Chi Minh government in the north and fought against the Diem dictatorship and for the unification of the country.

(c) The Ho Chi Minh trail was an immense network of footpath and roads which was used for transporting men and material from north to south during the USVietnam war. The trail was mostly outside Vietnam in Laos and Cambodia. The trail had its branch lines extending into South Vietnam. This trail was regularly bombed and destroyed by the US but was rebuilt very quickly.

Question 28. Explain the views of Phan Chu Trinh as a nationalist.

Describe the ideas of Phan Chu Trinh regarding the establishment of Democratic republic of Vietnam.

Answer : (a) Phan Chu Trinh was a nationalist who had different view than Phan Boi Chau. He was totally against the monarchy system. He wanted to establish a Democratic Republic.

(b) Phan Chu Trinh was influenced by the democratic ideals of the west. So, he did not wanted a complete rejection of the western civilisation. (c) He wanted the French to set up legal and educational institution and develop the agriculture and industries.

Question 29 : Why was the Tonkin School started in Vietnam? Explain any three reasons.

Answer : (a) In the year 1907 Tonkin Free School was set up for providing western style education in Vietnam that focused on science, hygiene and French.

(b) The approach of this school was to make them modern which is not possible just by the science and western ideas but also by the adoption of the western looks such as having a short hair and keeping hygiene.

(c) The French wanted to change the values, norms and the perception of the people through the control of education. They wanted to make Vietnamese believe in the superiority of French civilisation and inferiority of Vietnamese.

Question 30 : How were women shown as warriors in Vietnam? Explain with three examples.

Explain the role of women as warriors in Vietnam during the 1960s.

Describe the role of women in the antiimperialist movement in Vietnam.

Answer : (a) Traditionally,thelower classVietnamese women enjoyed greater equality than in China. But had limited freedom to decide their future and were not participating in public life. During the national movement a new image of womanhood emerged which was idealized by the writers and the political thinkers.

(b) In the year 1913, Phan Boi Chau wrote a play which was based on the lives of the Trung sisters. The Trung sisters fought against the Chinese domination. Then after, the Trung sisters were glorified and idealized as they were depicted in the paintings, plays and novels. The Trung sisters had gathered a force of over 30,000 and were capable of resisting the Chinese for two years. But after the defeat they committed suicide instead of surrendering to the enemy.

(c) Trieu Au was a woman rebel and a popular nationalist lore in the 3rd century CE. She was orphaned in the childhood living with her brother but left home and went to jungle. There she organized a large army and tried to resist the Chinese rule in Vietnam. After the defeat she drowned herself and became a sacred figure of the nation.

Question 31 : Describe infrastructural projects which were developed by the French colonisers in Vietnam.

What was the main motive of the French to develop the infrastructural projects in Vietnam? Explain how far did they succeed in their mission?

Answer : (a) Like the other western nations France also thought that the colonies are necessary–to supply natural resources and other important goods and for bringing the benefits of the civilisation to the backward nations.

(b) France build canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta region. This resulted in the increase of the rice production and by the year 1931, Vietnam became the third largest exporter of rice in the world.

(c) For the movement of goods, military garrisons and control over the region the French developed the infrastructural projects in Vietnam. A trans-Indo-China rail network was developed which linked Vietnam from north to south with China.

(d) The economy of Vietnam was based mainly on the rice cultivation and the rubber plantation. These were mostly owned by the French and small Vietnamese elite people which was facilitated by the rail and ports.

Question 32 : Explain the views o f Paul Bernard regarding the economy of Vietnam.

Answer : The education policy was unfavorable to the Vietnamese students during the colonial period because:

(a) In Vietnam, the school textbooks glorified the French and justified that the colonial rule by stating that the peasants are no longer in terror and there is peace in the country.

(b) In the school textbooks, the Vietnamese were represented as primitive, backward, manual labourers and skilled copyist. They are not intellectual, not creative and cannot rule themselves.

Question 33 : Describe the Rat Hunt scheme ordered by the French in Hanoi.

Explain any three factors that led to the outbreak of bubonic plague in the modern part of Hanoi in 1903.

Answer : (a) Bubonic plague spread in the modern city of Hanoi in the year 1903. It was beautifully built city with wide avenues and better sewer system

(b) The waste from the old city either drained into the river or overflowed the streets during the heavy rainfall and flood time. The sewer system in the French part of Hanoi was an easy route for the rats to enter the well-cared homes through the sewage pipes.

(c) To control the invasion of the rats, a rat hunt programme was initiated in the year 1902. The Vietnamese workers were hired and paid for each rat they caught. They were given bounty when a tail was shown as a proof of killed rat.

(d) The Vietnamese started negotiating for a higher bounty. They also just clipped the tail of the rats and release them so that the process could be repeated.

Question 34 : Explain the reactions within the United States to its involvement in the Vietnam War during the 1960s.

Answer : (a) The US-Vietnam war was strongly questioned in the US because the US failed to crush the Vietnamese resistance and also thousands of young US soldiers lost their lives.

(b) This war was called the first television war because the battle scenes were shown on the daily news. It was also called the greatest threat to peace and international cooperation.

(c) In January 1974, a peace settlement was signed in Paris to negotiate to end to the war but the fighting between the Saigon regime and the NLF continued. On 30th April 1975, the NLF occupied the Saigon and thus completed the unification of Vietnam.

Question 35 : Explain any three features of the ‘Go East Movement’ in Vietnam.

Answer : (a) The Go East Movement became very popular in the first decade of the 20th century. In the year 1907-08 some 300 Vietnamese students migrated to Japan.

(b) The main objectives of this go east movement was to acquire modern education, to drive out the French from Vietnam, to overthrow the puppet emperor in Vietnam and to re-establish the Nguyen dynasty.

(c) The Vietnamese students set up a branch of the restoration society in Tokyo which was clamped down by the Japanese ministry of interior after the year 1908. The Vietnamese including Phan Boi Chau were deported and forced to seek exile in China and Thailand.

Question 36 : Explain any three characteristics of the ‘Tonkin Free School’ in Vietnam.

Answer : The education policy was unfavorable to the Vietnamese students during the colonial period because:

(a) In Vietnam, the school textbooks glorified the French and justified that the colonial rule by stating that the peasants are no longer in terror and there is peace in the country.

(b) In the school textbooks, the Vietnamese were represented as primitive, backward, manual labourers and skilled copyist. They are not intellectual, not creative and cannot rule themselves.

Question 37 : Explain any three points how school textbooks in Vietnam glorified the French and justified colonial rule.

Answer : (a) France had a civilizing mission in Vietnam. They said that Europe had the most advanced civilizations and therefore it is their duty to introduce these modern ideas in their colonies. It was believed that the colonies had to serve the interest of the mother country.

(b) In Vietnam the school textbooks glorified the French and justified that the colonial rule by stating that the peasants are no longer in terror and there is peace in the country.

(c) In the school textbooks the Vietnamese were represented as primitive, backward, manual labourers and skilled copyist. They are not intellectual, not creative and cannot rule themselves.

Question 38 : Explain any three developments in Japan and China that inspired Vietnamese nationalists.

Answer : The threedevelopments inJapanandChina that inspired Vietnamese nationalists were:

(a) Japan was very successful in resisting the colonialization by the west and modernized itself. In 1907, Japan proved its military power in the war with Russia.

(b) In the year 1911, China was successful in uprooting the long established monarchy and established a republic.

(c) Inspired by the developments in China, the Vietnamese students organized the association for The Restoration of Vietnam (Viet-Nam Quan Phuc Hoi) and also the objective of the national movement changed from setting up constitutional monarchy to democratic republic.

Question 39 : Explain three features of the ‘Ngo Dinh Diem’ regime.

Answer : (a) After the French defeat peace negotiations held in Geneva where the Vietnamese accepted the division of the country. Vietnam was divided into north and south. The north came under the power of Ho Chi Minh and the communist whereas the south was put in power of Bao Dai.

(b) Later on the Bao Dai regime of south was overthrown by a coup led by Ngo Dinh Diem. He was quite repressive and authoritarian. Those who opposed him were called communist and were sent to jail and killed.

(c) The national liberation front of the South Vietnam took the help of the Ho Chi Minh government in the north and fought against the Diem dictatorship and for the unification of the country.

Question 40 : Why was conflict started in Vietnam against French colonisers in all areas of life? Explain.

Answer : (a) Vietnam was a colony of French. The French dominated over the military and economy of Vietnam and also tried to reshape the culture of Vietnamese. It was believed that the colonies had to serve the interest of the mother country.

(b) In the year 1858, the French troops landed in Vietnam and established control over the northern region. In the year 1887, French Indo-China was formed after the Franco-Chinese war.

(c) Like the other western nations France also thought that the colonies are necessary– to supply natural resources and other important goods and for bringing the benefits of the civilisation to the backward nations.

(d) France build canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta region. This resulted in the increase of the rice production and by the year 1931, Vietnam became the third largest exporter of rice in the world.

(e) For the movement of goods, military garrisons and control over the region the French developed the infrastructural projects in Vietnam. A trans-Indo-China rail network was developed which linked Vietnam from north to south with China.

Question 41 : ‘The schools became an important place for political and cultural battles in Vietnam against French colonialism.’ Support the statement with examples.

Answer : (a) The French wanted to civilize the native through education and by educating the natives French would get educated local labour force.

(b) In the year 1907 Tonkin Free School was set up for providing western style education in Vietnam that focused on science, hygiene and French. The approach of this school was to make them modern which is not possible just by the science and western ideas but also by the adoption of the western looks such as having a short hair and keeping hygiene.

(c) These changes were opposed in both the ways openly and silently. The Vietnamese teachers quietly modified the texts and also not followed the curriculum blindly.

(d) In the year 1926, a major protest erupted in the Saigon Native Girls School when a Vietnamese girl was expelled by the principal for refusing the front seat for a French student to sit in the front. All other students who supported her in this protest were expelled.

(e) In other schools of Vietnam the students were fighting against the colonial government schooling system and their deliberate policy of failing the students so that they could not qualify for the white color jobs.

(f) Students in Vietnam were forming political parties by the year 1920s. One such party was party of young Annan and they published a journal named Annanese student.

(g) The Vietnamese were losing their control over the territory, identity, culture and customs. Therefore the Vietnamese mobilized the people with patriotic feelings and convicted that it is the duty of the educated Vietnamese to fight against these domination.

5 Marks Questions

Question 42 : Describe the role of different religious groups in the development of anti-colonial feelings in Vietnam.

Explain with examples how religious groups played an important role in the development of anti-colonial feelings in Vietnam.

Answer : (a) In the year 1868, the Scholars revolt took place which was basically against the French control and the spread of Christianity in Vietnam.

(b) In the Ngu An and the Ha Tien provinces over thousands of Catholics were killed which was crushed by the French but inspired other patriots.

(c) The Hoa Hao movement started in the year 1939 in the Mekong delta region. This movement was founded by Huynh Phu So. This movement was based on the religious ideas.

(d) Huynh Phu So performed miracles, helped the poor, criticized the useless expenditure, the sale of child brides, gambling and also the use of alcohol and opium.

(e) Huynh Phu So was declared mad by the French and was called Mad Bonze. Later on he was put in mental asylum where the doctors proved him sane. Then after he was exiled to Laos and his followers were sent to the concentration camps.

Question 43 : Examine the reasons that forced America to withdraw from the Vietnam War.

Answer : (a) The US-Vietnam war was strongly questioned in the US because the US failed to crush the Vietnamese resistance and also thousands of young US soldiers lost their lives.

(b) This war was called the first television war because the battle scenes were shown on the daily news. It was also called the greatest threat to peace and international cooperation.

(c) Many scholars and writers disillusioned with what the US was doing writers such as Mary McCarthy and actor. Jane Fonda praised the heroic defence of Vietnam. The scholar, Noam Chomsky also criticized the war.

(d) In January 1974, a peace settlement was signed in Paris to negotiate to end to the war but the fighting between the Saigon regime and the NLF continued. On 30th April 1975, the NLF occupied the Saigon and thus completed the unification of Vietnam.

Question 44 : Analyse the role of ‘Hoa-Hao’ movement to arouse anti-imperialist sentiments in Vietnam.

Answer : From the 18th century, many religious movements were hostile to the western presence. They were successful in arousing anti-imperialist sentiments in Vietnamese people. One early movement was the Scholars Revolt in 1868. The other movement was the ‘Hoa Hao’ Movement.

(a) The Hoa Hao movement started in the year 1939 in the Mekong delta region. This movement was founded by Huynh Phu So. This movement was based on the religious ideas.

(b) Huynh Phu So performed miracles, helped the poor, criticized the useless expenditure, the sale of child brides, gambling and also the use of alcohol and opium.

(c) Huynh Phu So was declared mad by the French and was called Mad Bonze. Later on he was put in mental asylum where the doctors proved him sane.

(d) Then after he was exiled to Laos and his followers were sent to the concentration camps.

Question 45 : Examine the impact o f the ‘Great Depression’ of 1930s on Vietnam.

Answer : In 1930s there was a great depression in Vietnam due to which

(a) the prices of rubber fell down.

(b) the prices of rice fell down.

(d) this depression caused large scale unemployment in Vietnam.

(e) due to this there started rural uprisings.

Question 46 : ‘US entry into the war of Vietnam marked a new phase that proved costly to Vietnam as well as the Americans.’ Analyse the statement.

How did the entry of United States into the war of Vietnam prove costly to the Vietnamese as well as to the Americans? Explain.

Answer : Yes, it is true to say that the US entry into the war of Vietnam marked a new phase that proved costly to Vietnam as well as the Americans.

(a) The national liberation front of the South Vietnam took the help of the Ho Chi Minh government in the north and fought against the Diem dictatorship and for the unification of the country.

(b) The US was in fear with this alliance of the national liberation front and Ho Chi Minh government. Thus the US sent its troops and arms in Vietnam. This war proved costly to both the Vietnamese and the America.

(c) This battle was proved brutal as thousands were killed and lakhs were injured, heavy weapons, tanks, powerful bombers like B52s and the chemical weapons were used at a large scale.

(d) The Ho Chi Minh trail was an immense network of footpath and roads which was used for transporting men and material from north to south during the US-Vietnam war.

(e) The trail was mostly outside Vietnam in Laos and Cambodia. The trail had its branch lines extending into South Vietnam. This trail was regularly bombed and destroyed by the US but was rebuilt very quickly.

Question 47 : ‘The peace negotiations in Geneva followed the division of Vietnam that set in motion a series of events that turned Vietnam into a battlefield.’ Analyse the statement with arguments.

(c) The national liberation front of the South Vietnam took the help of the Ho Chi Minh government in the north and fought against the Diem dictatorship and for the unification of the country.

(d) The US was in fear with this alliance of the national liberation front and Ho Chi Minh government. Thus the US sent its troops and arms in Vietnam. This war proved costly to both the Vietnamese and the America.

(e) This battle was proved brutal as thousands were killed and lakhs were injured, heavy weapons, tanks, powerful bombers like B52s and the chemical weapons were used at a large scale.

(f) The Ho Chi Minh trail was an immense network of footpath and roads which was used for transporting men and material from north to south during the US Vietnam war.

(g) The trail was mostly outside Vietnam in Laos and Cambodia. The trail had its branch lines extending into South Vietnam. This trail was regularly bombed and destroyed by the US but was rebuilt very quickly.

Question 48 : Women were represented as warriors as well as workers in Vietnam in the 1960s.’ Analyse the statement with examples.

‘The role of women varied in the antiimperialist movement in Vietnam.’ Examine the statement.

‘Women were represented not only as warriors but also as workers in Vietnam.’ Support the statement with examples.

Answer : When the peace talks begins in the 1970s, the women were represented as workers working in the agricultural fields, factories and the production units rather than as fighters.

(a) Traditionally the lower class Vietnamese women enjoyed grater equality than in China. But had limited freedom to decide their future and were not participating in public life. During the national movement a new image of womanhood emerged which was idealized by the writers and the political thinkers.

(c) Trieu Au was a women rebel and a popular nationalist lore in the 3rd century CE. She was orphaned in the childhood living with her brother but left home and went to jungle. There she organized a large army and tried to resist the Chinese rule in Vietnam. After the defeat she drowned herself and became a sacred figure of the nation.

(d) In Vietnam the women were portrayed as young, brave and dedicated fighters. They were not only showed as warriors but also as workers because they had rifle in one hand and hammer in the other. They selflessly worked as nursing, constructing underground rooms and tunnels and also fighting with the enemies.

(e) When the peace talks begins in the 1970s, the women were represented as workers working in the agricultural fields, factories and the production units rather than as fighters.

Question 49 : Describe the major problems in the field of education for the French in Vietnam.

Answer : (a) France also had a civilizing mission in Vietnam. They said that Europe had the most advanced civilizations and therefore it is their duty to introduce these modern ideas in their colonies. For this civilizing mission they even destroyed the local cultures, religion and traditions because they thought that these are outdated and barriers in the modern development process.

(c) The colons or the French citizens in Vietnam had the fear of losing their jobs if the Vietnamese get full access to the French education. So this policy was opposed by the colons.

(d) Th e elite Vietnamese were highly influenced by the Chinese culture and traditional educational system which was dismantled by the French by opening French schools in Vietnam.

(e) An o th e r important dilemma with the French was about the medium of instruction in Vietnam. For this there were two broad views. One group was in favour of the introduction of French as the only medium of instruction where as another group suggested French language for the higher class and Vietnamese language for the lower class. One more group gave the suggestion of rewarding the French citizenship to those who acquired French culture.

(f) By introducing French language as a medium of instruction Vietnamese would get a feel of the French culture and civilisation and would help in creating an Asiatic France solidly tied to European France. By this the educated Vietnamese people would respect the French sentiments and ideals.

Question 50 : Describe the Rat Hunt activity introduced by the French in Vietnam.

‘The measures taken by the French to control the spread of bubonic plague in Hanoi created a serious problem.’ Explain the statement.

Answer : (a) Bubonic plague spread in the modern city of Hanoi in the year 1903. In the process of modernizing Vietnam the French decided to rebuild Hanoi by using the latest architecture and engineering skills.

(b) The French part of Hanoi was beautifully built as a clean city with wide avenues and better sewer system whereas the native quarters were not provided such modern facilities.

(c) The waste from the old city either drained into the river or overflowed the streets during the heavy rainfall and flood time. The sewer system in the French part of Hanoi was an easy route for the rats to move around the city and they began to enter the well cared homes through the sewage pipes.

(d) To control the invasion of the rats a rat hunt programme was initiated in the year 1902. The Vietnamese workers were hired and paid for each rat they caught. They were given bounty when a tail was shown as a proof of killed rat. The Vietnamese started negotiating for a higher bounty. They also just clip the tail of the rats and release them so that the process could be repeated and also some people began raising rats to earn profit.

Question 51 : Describe the Scholars revolt of 1868 against the spread of Christianity in Vietnam.

Answer : (a) In the year 1868, the Scholars revolt took place which was basically against the French control and the spread of Christianity in Vietnam.

(b) In the Ngu An and the Ha Tien provinces over thousands of Catholics were killed which was crushed by the French but inspired other patriots.

(c) The Hoa Hao movement started in the year 1939 in the Mekong delta region. This movement was founded by Huynh Phu So. This movement was based on the religious ideas.

(d) Huynh Phu So performed miracles, helped the poor, criticized the useless expenditure, the sale of child brides, gambling and also the use of alcohol and opium.

Question 52 : Describe any five steps taken by the French for the development of Mekong Delta Region.

Answer : (a) France build canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta region.

(b) This resulted in the increase of the rice production and by the year 1931, Vietnam became the third largest exporter of rice in the world.

(c) For the movement of goods, military garrisons and control over the region the French developed the infrastructural projects in Vietnam.

(d) A Trans-Indo-China rail network was developed which linked Vietnam from north to south with China.

(e) The government was forced to take and allow these developmental projects in the Mekong delta region.

Question 53 : How were Vietnamese nationalists inspired by Japan and China to set up a democratic republic? Explain with examples.

How did Japan and China inspired Vietnamese nationalists to drive out the French from Vietnam? Explain.

Answer : (a) The go east movement became very popular in the first decade of the 20th century.

(b) In the year 1907-08 some 300 Vietnamese students migrated to Japan. The main objectives of this go east movement was to acquire modern education, to drive out the French from Vietnam, to overthrow the puppet emperor in Vietnam and to re-establish the Nguyen dynasty.

(c) The Vietnamese students set up a branch of the restoration society in Tokyo which was clamped down by the Japanese ministry of interior after the year 1908.

(d) The Vietnamese including Phan Boi Chau were deported and forced to seek exile in China and Thailand. In the year 1911, a republic was set up in China after overthrowing a long established monarchy by the help of the popular movement led by the leader Sun Yat-Sen.

(e) Inspired by the developments in China, the Vietnamese students organized the association for the restoration of Vietnam (Viet-Nam Quan Phuc Hoi) and also the objective of the national movement changed from setting up constitutional monarchy to democratic republic.

Question 54 : Describe any five features of the ‘go east movement’.

Answer : The five features of ‘go east movement’ were :

(a) ‘Go east movement’ was the popular movement in Vietnam in 20th century.

(b) At that time, Japan modernized itself and resisted colonisation pay the west. Vietnamese people got influenced by Japan and appealed to Japanese as fellow Asians.

(d) Their aim was to overthrow the French out and reestablish Nyuyen dynasty.

(e) Vietnamesk students also established a branch of the Rustication society in Tokyo.

Question 55 : What were the two major problems before the French in the field of colonial education in Vietnam? How did they try to solve these problems? Explain.

Answer : The two major problems before the French in the field of colonial education in Vietnam were—

(a) The French wanted to civilize the native through education but the dilemma was how far they should be educated. By educating the natives French would get educated local labour force but they had the fear that the educated natives may start questioning the colonial domination.

(b) The colons or the French citizens in Vietnam had the fear of losing their jobs if the Vietnamese get full access to the French education. So this policy was opposed by the colons.

(c) The elite Vietnamese were highly influenced by the Chinese culture and traditional educational system which was dismantled by the French by opening French schools in Vietnam.

(d) Another important dilemma with the French was about the medium o f instruction in Vietnam. For this there were two broad views. One group was in favour of the introduction of French as the only medium of instruction where as another group suggested French language for the higher class and Vietnamese language for the lower class. One more group gave the suggestion of rewarding the French citizenship to those who acquired French culture.

(e) By introducing French language as a medium of instruction Vietnamese would get a feel of the French culture and civilisation and would help in creating an Asiatic France solidly tied to European France. By this the educated Vietnamese people would respect the French sentiments and ideals.

Question 56 : Explain any four ways in which teachers and students organized resistance against the French in Vietnam.

Answer : The four ways in which teachers and students organised resistance against the French in Vietnam were—

(a) In the year 1907 Tonkin Free School was set up for providing western style education in Vietnam that focused on science, hygiene and French. These changes were opposed in both the ways openly and silently. The Vietnamese teachers quietly modified the texts and also not followed the curriculum blindly.

(b) In the year 1926, a major protest erupted in the Saigon Native Girls School when a Vietnamese girl was expelled by the principal for refusing the front seat for a French student to sit in the front. All other students who supported her in this protest were expelled.

(c) In other schools of Vietnam the students were fighting against the colonial government schooling system and their deliberate policy of failing the students so that they could not qualify for the white color jobs.

(d) Students in Vietnam were forming political parties by the year 1920s. One such party was party of young Annan and they published a journal named Annanese student.