1 Mark Questions
Question 1: Why did big European powers meet in Berlin in 1885?
Answer : In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, merchants from the towns in Europe began moving to the countryside, supplying money to peasants and artisans, persuading them to produce for an international market.
Question 2: Name the treaty of 1832 that recognized Greece as an independent nation ?
Answer : It was the Treaty of Constantinople that recognized Greece as an independent nation.
Question 3 : Name the event that mobilized nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe in 1830-1848 ?
Answer : The Greek war of independence mobilized nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe in 1830-1848.
Question 4 : What was the main aim of the revolutionaries of Europe during the years following 1815 ?
Answer : Their main aim was to oppose the monarchical form of government and fight for liberty and freedom.
Question 5 : Who remarked ” When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold” ?
Answer : “When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold” was remarked by Duke Metternich.
Question 6 : Who was proclaimed the German emperor in the ceremony held at versailles in January 1871 ?
Answer : The ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871 proclaimed Kaiser William I of Prussia as the German emperor.
Question 7 : What was the meaning of leberalism in early 19th century in Europe ?
Answer : Liberalism in early 19th century in Europe meant freedom for the individual, equality before law, government by consent and freedom of markets.
Question 8 : What was the main aim of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 ?
Answer : The main aim of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 was to reestablish conservative regions in Europe.
Question 9 : What was the strong demand of the emerging middle classes in Europe during 19th century ?
Answer : The strong demand of the emerging middle classes in Europe during 19th century was constitutionalism with national unification.
Question 10 : What was the major change that occurred in political and constitutional scenario due to French revolution in Europe ?
Answer : The major changes that occurred in the political and constitutional scenario due to French revolution in Europe were the end of the absolute monarch with the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French people.
Question 11 : What was the main aim of the French Revolutionaries ?
Answer : Their main aim was to transfer o f sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French people by creating a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.
Question 12 : What was the major issue taken up by the liberal nationalists ?
Answer : The liberal nationalists took the major issue of freedom of press.
Question 13 : Mention the proclamation of the French Revolution .
Answer : The proclamation of the French Revolution was “the people would constitute the nation and shape its destiny.”
Question 14 : Who founded the secret society, ” Young Italy ” during the 1830s ?
Answer : During the 1830s, the secret society called the Young Italy was founded by Giuseppe Mazzini.
Question 15 : Name the female allegory representing the Republic of France .
Answer : Marianne was the female allegory representing the republic of France.
Question 16 : Name the female allegory of the German nation .
Answer : Germania was the female allegory of the German nation.
Question 17 : What was the result of the first upheaval that took place in France in July 1830 ?
Answer : It resulted in the overthrowing of the Bourbon kings and installation of a constitutional monarch with Louis Philippe as the head.
3 Marks Questions
Question 18 : Describe any three economic hardships faced by Europe in 1830s .
OR
“Great economic hardships in Europe prevailed in 1830’s’. Support the statement with arguments.
OR
Why was the decade of 1830s known as great economic hardship in Europe ? Explain any three reasons.
Answer : The three economic hardships faced by Europe in 1830s were:
(a) High rise in population led to the unemployment condition and scarcity of jobs.
(b) The small producers faced stiff competition due to the import of cheap machine goods from England.
(c) Due to the burden of the feudal dues and taxes, there was bad harvest.
(d) There was rise in the prices of food grains due to the bad harvest which made the condition of the common people miserable.
Question 19 : How hard the female figures become an allegory of the nation during the 19th century in Europe ? Analyse.
Answer : The following are the ways by which the female figures become an allegory of the nation during the 19th century in Europe:
(a) The artists started personifying the nation with female figures in the 18th and 19th century which was an abstract idea that gave a concrete form to the nation. Hence, the female figure became the allegory of the nation.
(b) In France, the statues of Christene Marianne were erected in the public square and also marked on the coins and the stamps. It was the figure of Liberty with the red cap, the tricolor and the cockade.
(c) In Germany, Germania became the allegory wearing a crown of oak leaves because the German oak symbolizes heroism.
Question 20 : Culture had played an important role in the development of nationalism in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries. Support the statement with examples.
Answer : It is true to say that culture had played an important role in the development of nationalism in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries. This can be justified with the following examples:
(a) Romanticism and cultural movements in Greece helped in developing the feeling of nationalism, sense of togetherness and love for the country through language, art, poetry, stories, folk songs, music and the past experiences.
(b) Karol Kurpinski was able to develop the feeling of nationalist through his operas, music and folk dances.
(c) The Poland people were fighting with Russia for their language and culture.
Question 21 : How did nationalism develop through culture in Europe ? Explain.
Answer : It is true to say that culture had played an important role in the development of nationalism in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries. This can be justified with the following examples:
(a) Romanticism and cultural movements in Greece helped in developing the feeling of nationalism, sense of togetherness and love for the country through language, art, poetry, stories, folk songs, music and the past experiences.
(b) Karol Kurpinski was able to develop the feeling of nationalist through his operas, music and folk dances.
(c) The Poland people were fighting with Russia for their language and culture.
Question 22 : How did a wave economic nationalism strengthen the wider nationalist sentiments growing in Europe ? Explain.
Answer : The following are the ways through which a wave of economic nationalism strengthen the wider nationalist sentiments growing in Europe:
(a) The demand for the unconstrained transfer of commodities and people.
(b) The formation of Zollverein.
(c) The formation of the railway network which increased the mobility and strengthen the economic condition.
Question 23 : Describe the events of French Revolution which had influenced the people belonging to other parts of Europe.
Answer : The events of French Revolution which had influenced the people belonging to other parts of Europe were:
(a) Jacobins clubs were set up by the students and the members of educated middle class after the news of the French revolution which affected the French army.
(b) The idea of nationalism was spread abroad by the French army.
(c) The napoleon code was introduced in the year 1804, which abolished privileges and upholded equality.
Question 24 : How did the local people in the areas conquered by Napoleon react to French rule? Explain.
Answer : The local people in the areas conquered by Napoleon had a mixed reaction to French rule.
(a) The businessman and the small producers welcomed the economic reforms introduced by Napoleon.
(b) Initially,the French armies were recognized as the messenger of liberty but later on it was realized that the administrative reforms cannot go hand in hand with the political reform.
(c) The increased taxation and censorship were not liked by the people.
Question 25 : Explain the conditions that were viewed as obstacles to the economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes during the 19th century in Europe.
Answer : The following were the conditions that were viewed as obstacles to the economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes during the 19th century in Europe:
(a) Restrictions were put on the movement of goods, capital and the people by many states.
(b) There was a problem of time consuming calculations due to the different system of weights and measures in different confederations.
(c) There was a problem of price rise and delay in supply of goods due to so many check posts and custom duties.
Question 26 : What were Jacobin clubs? How did their activities and campaigns help to spread the idea of nationalism abroad? Explain.
Answer : The political clubs in Europe formed by the educated middle class for the replacement of autocratic regimes by the democratic government called the Jacobin clubs. Their activities and campaigns helped to spread the idea of nationalism abroad in the following ways:
(a) The French armies were able to move into Holland, Belgium and Switzerland.
(b) The French armies were able to spread the ideas of nationalism in other countries of the world after the outbreak of the revolutionary wars.
Question 27 : Explain the process of unification of Italy.
Answer : (i) Giuseppe Mazzini started initiative for the unification of Italy. He formed a secret society called ‘Young Italy’.
(ii) King Victor Emmanuel II tried to unify Italian states through war.
(iii) Further Victor Emmanuel II was supported and helped by Chief Minister Cavour and large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi.
Question 28 : Explain the process of unification of Germany.
Answer : The efforts of installing a constitutional monarchy in Germany with the help of political associations were failed by the year 1848. The failure of the Frankfurt parliament clearly indicated that Germany can be unified only with the combined effort of the monarchy and the army.
The movement of unification of Germany was leaded by Prussia. There the chief minister of Prussia (Otto von Bismarck) became the main architect in the process of unification of Germany.
Three wars were fought with Austria, Denmark and France over seven years which finally ended with the Prussian victory and then after the process of unification of Germany was completed.
Question 29 : How had Britain come into existence?
Answer : The formation of Britain or the unification of Britain was a result of long drawn parliamentary process. Before the 18th century there was no such nation called Britain.
It was all comprised by the English, Welsh, Scot and Irish lived in the British Isles. All these regions had their own cultural and political traditions. Gradually, England grew in importance due to its rising wealth and power which resulted in expansion of her influence over the other countries in that region.
In the year 1707, the act of union between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of United Kingdom of Great Britain. Finally, the British nation had its own English culture, British flag, national anthem and English language.
Question 30 : Name the female allegory, which was invented by artists in the 19th century to represent the nation of France. Explain any two features of it.
Answer : In France, the name of the female allegory was Marianne. The statues of Christene Marianne were erected in the public square and also marked on the coins and the stamps.
The two features of this female allegory were:
(a) This reflects the ideas of the people’s nation.
(b) It was the figure of liberty with the red cap, the tricolor and the cockade.
Question 31 : Describe the impact of the ‘revolution of liberals’ of 1848 in Europe.
Answer : The revolution of liberals of 1848 had a great impact in Europe. These were:
(a) The monarch was abdicated and a republic was formed on the basis of universal male suffrage in France.
(b) Men and women of the liberal middle classes united their demands for the constitutionalism and national unification and wanted to form a nation-state on the basis of the parliamentary principles.
(c) Middle class professionals, businessmen and the rich artisans went to Frankfurt city and voted for an all-German National Assembly. As a result, the Frankfurt assembly was convened and a constitution for a German nation was drafted which was headed by a monarchy subject.
Question 32 : Explain any three beliefs of the conservatism that emerged after 1815.
Answer : The three beliefs of the conservatism that emerged after 1815 were:
(a) They believed that the traditional institutions of the state and the society must be protected and preserved.
(b) They held the belief that the changes brought b y the Napoleon and the modernization would definitely strengthen the power of the state and make it much more effective.
(c) They also believed that the modern army, efficient bureaucracy, dynamic economy and the abolition of the feudalism and serfdom would surely provide gain to the aristocratic monarchies of Europe.
Question 33 : Explain any four economic hardship that Europe faced in the 1830s.
Answer : The three economic hardships faced by Europe in 1830s were:
(a) High rise in population led to the unemployment condition and scarcity of jobs.
(b) The small producers faced stiff competition due to the import of cheap machine goods from England.
(c) Due to the burden of the feudal dues and taxes, there was bad harvest.
(d) There was rise in the prices of food grains due to the bad harvest which made the condition of the common people miserable.
Question 34 : Describe any three reforms introduced by Napoleon in the territories he conquered.
Answer : The three reforms introduced by Napoleon in the territories he conquered were:
(a) Napoleon introduced the Civil Code in the year 1804 which was also called as the Napoleon Code. It was introduced in order to abolish the privileges which were based on birth, to establish equality before the law and to give the right to property to all.
(b) He also introduced a system of uniform weight and measures and a system of common currency for the nation which helped the people in trade from one region to another.
(c) He had changed the system of transport and communications and made it more advanced.
Question 35 :Explain the contribution of Otto van Bismarck in German unification.
Answer : The movement of unification of Germany was leaded by Prussia. The chief minister of Prussia (Otto von Bismarck) became the main architect in the process of unification of Germany.
The process of unification of Germany was taken up by him with the help of the Prussian army and the bureaucracy. He infused the feeling of nationalism in the minds of the people. Three wars were fought with Austria, Denmark and France over seven years and defeated Austria, Denmark and France which finally ended with the Prussian victory and thus completed the process of unification of Germany.
Question 36 : Exp la in any three ways in which nationalists feelings were kept alive in Poland in the 18th and 19th century.
Answer : The three ways in which nationalist feelings were kept alive in Poland in the 18th and 19th century were as follows:
(a) The polish people used their culture in maintaining and upgrading their national identity.
(b) For their unity and identity they had used music. For example, Karol Kurpinski was able to develop the feeling of nationalist through his operas, music and folk dances.
(c) They used their language as a national resistance in church gatherings and other religious instructions.
Question 37: Explain any three causes of conflict in the Balkan area after 1871.
Answer : The three causes of conflict in the Balkan area after 1871 were:
(a) The modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia etc. were comprised together called the Balkans. They had conflict with one another on the basis of feelings of nationalism.
(b) The different Balkan regions were jealous of each other and always for their own identity.
(c) They wanted to gain more territory at the expense of the others.
Question 38: Explain the contribution of Giuseppe Mazzini in spreading revolutionary ideas in Europe.
Answer : Giuseppe Mazzini was a great Italian revolutionary. He was born in Genoa in the year 1807. He joined a secret society of the Carbonari. He was sent to jail in the year 1831 because he was involved in a revolution in Liguria. Two underground societies were founded under him named the Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne.
According to Mazzini, the God had intended the nations to be the natural units of mankind. Therefore, Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of the small and fragmented states and kingdoms.
The conservatives were frightened with the Mazzini’s opposition to the monarchy system and his vision for the democracy.
Question 39 : Explain in three points, how Ireland was incorporated into United Kingdom in 1801.
Answer : The following are the ways through which Ireland was incorporated into United Kingdom in the year 1801:
(a) Catholics and Protestants were the two different religious followers in Ireland. The Protestants were supported by the English to establish dominance over the large catholic country.
(b) Th e Catholics revolted under the leadership of Wolfe Tone against this dominance but were failed.
(c) The distinctive culture and language was suppressed when the English nation grew in power. The English nation promoted their own British flag, national anthem and English language.
Question 40 : Explain any three features of the ‘nationstate’ that emerged in Europe in the twentieth century.
Answer : The three features of the nation-state that emerged in Europe in the 20th century were:
(a) There were intense rivalry among the nations due to expansion of trade and colonies.
(b) The disintegration of the Ottoman Empire.
(c) The subject countries declared themselves as an independent countries.
Question 41 : Explain the process of unification of Germany.
Answer : The formation of Britain or the unification of Britain was a result of long drawn parliamentary process. Before the 18th century there was no such nation called Britain.
It was all comprised by the English, Welsh, Scot and Irish lived in the British Isles. All these regions had their own cultural and political traditions. Gradually, England grew in importance due to its rising wealth and power which resulted in expansion of her influence over the other countries in that region.
In the year 1707, the act of union between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of United Kingdom of Great Britain. Finally, the British nation had its own English culture, British flag, national anthem and English language.
Question 42 : Explain any three features of Napoleon Code.
Answer : The three features of the Napoleon Code are:
(a) It helped in restoring monarchy after destroying democracy.
(b) It helped in making the administrative system more rational and efficient.
(c) It abolished the privileges based on birth and helped in gaining equality before law.
Question 43 : Explain any three measures introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.
Answer : The three measures introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people were:
(a) The idea of la patrie and le Citoyen helped the people enjoying the equal rights under a constitution.
(b) The former royal standard flag was replaced by a new French tricolor flag.
(c) The new estate general was elected.
(d) New hymns were composed and martyrs were commemorated.
(e) The regional dialects were discouraged in France and French was declared the common language of the nation.
Question 44 : “Culture played an important role in creating the idea of nation in Europe”. Support the statement with examples.
Answer : It is true to say that culture had played an important role in the development of nationalism in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries. This can be justified with the following examples:
(a) Romanticism and cultural movements in Greece helped in developing the feeling of nationalism, sense of togetherness and love for the country through language, art, poetry, stories, folk songs, music and the past experiences.
(b) Karol Kurpinski was able to develop the feeling of nationalist through his operas, music and folk dances.
(c) The Poland people were fighting with Russia for their language and culture.
Question 45 : Describe in brief the great economic hardships during the 1830s in Europe.
Answer : The three economic hardships faced by Europe in 1830s were:
(a) High rise in population led to the unemployment condition and scarcity of jobs.
(b) The small producers faced stiff competition due to the import of cheap machine goods from England.
(c) Due to the burden of the feudal dues and taxes, there was bad harvest. (d) There was rise in the prices of food grains due to the bad harvest which made the condition of the common people miserable.
Question 46 : Describe in brief the process by which the ‘British nation’ came into existence.
Answer : The formation of Britain or the unification of Britain was a result of long drawn parliamentary process. Before the 18th century there was no such nation called Britain. It was all comprised by the English, welsh, scot and Irish lived in the British Isles. All these regions had their own cultural and political traditions. Gradually England grew in importance due to its rising wealth and power which resulted in expansion of her influence over the other countries in that region.
In the year 1707, the act of union between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of United Kingdom of Great Britain. Finally, the British nation had its own English culture, British flag, national anthem and English language.
Question 47 : Explain the significance of portraying nations as female figures by the European artists of the 18th and 19th centuries.
Answer : The following are the ways by which the female figures become an allegory of the nation during the 19th century in Europe:
(a) The artists started personifying the nation with female figures in the 18th and 19th century which was an abstract idea that gave a concrete form to the nation. Hence, the female figure became the allegory of the nation.
(b) In France, the statues of Christene Marianne were erected in the public square and also marked on the coins and the stamps. It was the figure of Liberty with the red cap, the tricolor and the cockade.
(c) In Germany, Germania became the allegory wearing a crown of oak leaves because the German oak symbolizes heroism.
5 Marks Questions
Question 48 : Describe the explosive conditions that prevailed in Balkans after 1871 in Europe.
Answer : The explosive conditions that prevailed in the Balkans after 1871 were:
(a) The modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia etc. were comprised together called the Balkans. They had conflict with one another on the basis of feelings of nationalism.
(b) The different Balkan regions were jealous of each other and always for their own identity.
(c) They wanted to gain more territory at the expense of the others.
(d) Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry. Each power-Russia, Germany, England were keen to take hold on Balkans.
(e) The Balkans people used history to prove that they had once been independent. So, they became nationalist and rebellious to win back their long-lost independence.
Question 49 : Analyse the measures and practices introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.
Answer : The measures and practices introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people were:
(a) The idea of La patrie and Le citoyen helped the people enjoying the equal rights under a constitution.
(b) The former royal standard flag was replaced by a new French tricolor flag.
(c) The new estate general was elected.
(d) New hymns were composed and martyrs were commemorated.
(e) The regional dialects were discouraged in France and French was declared the common language of the nation.
Question 50 : Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient. Analyse the statement with arguments.
Answer : The five social and administrative reforms introduced by Napoleon in the regions under his control were—
(a) He gave away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law.
(b) He abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
(c) Equild restrictions were removed in the towns.
(d) He introduced uniform and standardized weights and measures.
(e) He also introduced a common national currency that would facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.
Question 51 : ‘Nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal democratic sentiments by the last quarter of the 19th century in Europe.’ Analyse the statement with examples.
Answer : It is true to say that Nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal democratic sentiments by the last quarter of the 19th century in Europe. It was so due to the following reasons:
(a) Nationalism started becoming narrower in belief with inadequate ends.
(b) Now the concept of nationalism was changing in its meaning as more area of influence.
(c) The nationalists were manipulated by the chief European authorities.
(d) The problem of Balkan state was not solved rather it was being watched by the countries to become fruitful for them.
Question 52 : Describe the process of unification of Germany.
Answer : In 1848,Germans tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state-governed by an elected parliament. But the monarchy and the military repulssed the initiative. From then, Germany’s effort was supported by the large land owners called Junkers of Prussia. Prussia took the leadership of this movement under its chief minister, Otto von Bismarck. He took the help of Prussian army and bureaucracy. For 7 years, Prussians fought 3 wars with Austria, Denmark, and France-which resulted into Prussia’s victory and it led to be unification of Germany.
The Prussian king, William I was proclaimed as the German Emperor on January 18, 1871. The nation-state building in Germany had demonstrated the dominance of Prussian state power. The unified state of Germany had modern currency, banking, legal and judicial system.
Question 53 : “Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation.” Support the statement.
Answer : Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation.
(i) The Romanticism and cultural movements focused on emotions, intuitions and mystical feelings to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a common cultural past of a nation.
(ii) Folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances are true cultural spirits of a nation and these are essential to bind the people in a bond.
(iii) Importance of vernacular language also bind the people into a nation so that they can collectively think for their nation.
(iv) Music also helps in to light up the feeling of nationalism-connection to one nation.
(v) The collection of local folklore was not just only to recover the national spirit, but also spread the message of nationalism among the illiterate people.
Question 54 : Describe the process of unification of Italy.
Answer : Earlier Italy was divided into seven states out of which the Italian princely house ruled only in the Sardinia-Piedmont region.
The youth of the country were greatly influenced by the most prominent Italian leader named Mazzini. The youth were inspired for the establishment of a single united Italy. Secret societies were set up in many states.
In the process of unification of Italy Cavour was helped a lot by Mazzini. King Victor Emmanuel II took the charge of the unification of Italy after a series of failure of Mazzini.
Cavour, the then chief minister due to his tactful diplomatic alliance with France was able to defeat the Austrian forces in the year 1859.
Finally the Spanish were driven out when Giuseppe Garibaldi marched into south Italy in the year 1860 with the support of the local peasants. Hence, Italy was unified in the year 1961 and Victor Emmanuel II was declared the king of united Italy.
Question 55 : Describe the process of unification of Britain.
Answer : The unification of Britain was not the result of any revolution but it was a long drawn-out process. Earlier, Britain was comprised of English, Welsh, Scot or Irish. But in all these, English nations grew in importance and power so was able to dominate over other nations of Britain.
The English parliament came into power in 1688 with England at its centre.
(i) The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland resulted in formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’. This means England was able to dominate Scotland.
(ii) Ireland was divided into Catholic and Protestants. The English helped the Protestants to gain control over Catholic country. Catholic revolted against British but they were suppressed and Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801. A new ‘British nation’ came through the propagation of English culture, the British flag (Union Jack), the national anthem (God Save Our Noble King), and the English language.
Question 56 : “The idealistic liberal-democratic sentiment of nationalism in the first half of the nineteenth century became a narrow creed with limited ends.” Examine the statement.
Answer : The measures and practices introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people were:
(a) The idea of La patrie and Le citoyen helped the people enjoying the equal rights under a constitution.
(b) The former royal standard flag was replaced by a new French tricolor flag.
(c) The new estate general was elected.
(d) New hymns were composed and martyrs were commemorated.
(e) The regional dialects were discouraged in France and French was declared the common language of the nation.
Question 57 : Explain any five social and administrative reforms introduced by Napoleon in the regions under his control.
Answer : It is true to say that Nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal democratic sentiments by the last quarter of the 19th century in Europe. It was so due to the following reasons:
(a) Nationalism started becoming narrower in belief with inadequate ends.
(b) Now the concept of nationalism was changing in its meaning as more area of influence.
(c) The nationalists were manipulated by the chief European authorities.
(d) The problem of Balkan state was not solved rather it was being watched by the countries to become fruitful for them.
Question 58 : How had revolutionaries spread their ideas in many European states after 1815? Explain with examples.
Answer : The five social and administrative reforms introduced by Napoleon in the regions under his control were—
(a) He gave away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law.
(b) He abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
(c) Equild restrictions were removed in the towns.
(d) He introduced uniform and standardized weights and measures.
(e) He also introduced a common national currency that would facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.
Question 59 : “Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation in Europe.” Support the statement with examples.
Answer : The measures and practices introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people were:
(a) The idea of La patrie and Le citoyen helped the people enjoying the equal rights under a constitution.
(b) The former royal standard flag was replaced by a new French tricolor flag.
(c) The new estate general was elected.
(d) New hymns were composed and martyrs were commemorated.
(e) The regional dialects were discouraged in France and French was declared the common language of the nation.
Question 60 : How did culture play an important role in creating the idea of nationalism in Europe? Explain with examples.
Answer : Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation.
(i) The Romanticism and cultural movements focused on emotions, intuitions and mystical feelings to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a common cultural past of a nation.
(ii) Folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances are true cultural spirits of a nation and these are essential to bind the people in a bond.
(iii) Importance of vernacular language also bind the people into a nation so that they can collectively think for their nation.
(iv) Music also helps in to light up the feeling of nationalism-connection to one nation.
(v) The collection of local folklore was not just only to recover the national spirit, but also spread the message of nationalism among the illiterate people.
Question 61 : Describe the role of culture in shaping the feelings of nationalism in Europe from 1830 to the end of 19th century.
Answer : Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation.
(i) The Romanticism and cultural movements focused on emotions, intuitions and mystical feelings to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a common cultural past of a nation.
(ii) Folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances are true cultural spirits of a nation and these are essential to bind the people in a bond.
(iii) Importance of vernacular language also bind the people into a nation so that they can collectively think for their nation.
(iv) Music also helps in to light up the feeling of nationalism-connection to one nation.
(v) The collection of local folklore was not just only to recover the national spirit, but also spread the message of nationalism among the illiterate people.
Question 62 : How did Balkans become the most serious source of nationalisttension in Europe after 1871? Explain with examples.
Answer : Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation.
(i) The Romanticism and cultural movements focused on emotions, intuitions and mystical feelings to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a common cultural past of a nation.
(ii) Folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances are true cultural spirits of a nation and these are essential to bind the people in a bond.
(iii) Importance of vernacular language also bind the people into a nation so that they can collectively think for their nation.
(iv) Music also helps in to light up the feeling of nationalism-connection to one nation.
(v) The collection of local folklore was not just only to recover the national spirit, but also spread the message of nationalism among the illiterate people.
Question 63 : Describe any five steps taken by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity among the French people.
Answer : The explosive conditions that prevailed in the Balkans after 1871 were:
(a) The modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia etc. were comprised together called the Balkans. They had conflict with one another on the basis of feelings of nationalism.
(b) The different Balkan regions were jealous of each other and always for their own identity.
(c) They wanted to gain more territory at the expense of the others.
(d) Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry. Each power-Russia, Germany, England were keen to take hold on Balkans.
(e) The Balkans people used history to prove that they had once been independent. So, they became nationalist and rebellious to win back their long-lost independence.
Question 64 : “Napoleon had, no doubt destroyed democracy in France, butin the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient”. Support the statement.
Answer : The five social and administrative reforms introduced by Napoleon in the regions under his control were—
(a) He gave away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law.
(b) He abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
(c) Equild restrictions were removed in the towns.
(d) He introduced uniform and standardized weights and measures.
(e) He also introduced a common national currency that would facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.
Question 65 : ‘The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe.’ Support the statement with four examples.
Answer : The decade of 1830s known as great economic hardships in Europe because of the following reasons:
(a) H igh rise in population led to the unemployment condition and scarcity of jobs.
(b) The small producers faced stiff competition due to the import of cheap machine goods from England.
(c) Due to the burden of the feudal dues and taxes there was bad harvest.
(d) There was rise in the prices of food grains due to the bad harvest which made the condition of the common people miserable.
Question 66 : Explain any four ideas of liberal nationalists in the economic sphere.
Answer : The four ideas of liberal nationalists in the economic sphere were:
(a) They demanded the freedom of markets and restrictions to be abolished which were imposed by the state.
(b) They were in demand for the creation of the unified economic territory.
(c) They wanted the currency disparities to be balanced.
(d) They wanted to follow the uniform weights and measurement.
(e) They demanded good infrastructure for their economic interests.
Question 67 : Explain any four changes brought about in Europe by the Treaty of Vienna [1815].
Answer : The four changes that were brought in Europe by the Treaty of Vienna in the year 1815 were as follows:
(a) The Bourbon dynasty was restored.
(b) Series of states were set up along the boundaries of France for the future prevention.
(c) Prussia was given the new territories on to the west side.
(d) The German federation remained as it is.
(e) Monarchy was restored in Europe.