Training in Sports Questions and Answers CBSE Class 12 Board Exams

Answer  : Training means to prepare someone for some assignment. Training is the process of preparation for some task.

Answer : According to Mathew, “Sports training is the basic form of preparation of a sportsman.” According to Martin, “It is a planned and controlled process to achieve goals in which the changes of motor performance and behaviour are made through measures of content, methods and organisation.”

Answer : Sports training is the physical, intellectual, technical, psychological and moral preparation of an athlete or a player by means of physical exercises.

Answer : i) It enhances cardiovascular fitness.

ii) It enhances muscular endurance.

Answer  : Circuit training is a form of body conditioning or resistance training using high intensity aerobics. It targets strength building and muscular endurance.[/alert-announce]

Answer : Endurance is the ability to do sports movements with the desired quality and speed under conditions of fatigue.

Answer  : Fartlek is a Swedish term which means ‘speed play’ and has been used by distance runners for years. Fartlek is a form of road running or cross country running in which the runner usually changes the pace significantly during the run.

This method was introduced by O Astrand and Gosta Halner. It is good for aerobic and anaerobic fitness. That is why it makes an athlete a better sprinter and a better long-distance runner.

Answer : It is the ability to cover distance in minimum possible time or the ability to perform movement in the shortest possible time.

Answer  :  Pace races mean running the whole distance of a race at a constant speed. In pace races, an athlete runs the race with uniform speed, generally 800 m and above.

Very young children can maintain their maximum speed for 15 to 20 m, whereas a well-trained athlete can maintain maximum speed for 40 m. Repetitions can be fixed according to the standard of the athletes.

Answer : Flexibility is the ability to perform a joint action through a range of movement. It is needed to perform everyday activities with relative ease. Flexibility tends to deteriorate with age.

Answer : Methods for developing flexibility are:

• Ballistic method
• Slow-stretching method
• Slow-stretching and Holding method
• Post-Isometric stretching method

3 Marks Questions

Answer : Training means to prepare someone for some assignment. It is the process of preparation for some task. Many countries have recognised the importance of an effective training programme in a wide range of activities not only for success in major international competitions but also for the development of healthy participants.

Answer : Strength is the ability of a muscle to exert force in single muscle contraction or it is the ability to overcome resistance. Strength is an essential component of physical fitness.

Types of strength are:

i) Maximum Strength

ii) Explosive Strength

iii) Strength Endurance

iv) Static Strength

Answer : Advantages of fartlek training are:

• It is good for increasing strength and cardiorespiratory endurance.
• Several athletics can take part in the training programme at a time.
• It does not require any equipment and can be organised easily.
• This training method is not rigid; it is flexible in nature.
• It improves the efficiency of the heart and lungs.
• It provides experience of nature.

Answer : i) Interval Training Method : It is type of training that involves a series of low to high intensity exercise workouts interspersed with rest of relief periods. The high intensity periods are typically at or close to anaerobic exercise, while the recovery periods involve activity of lower intensity.

ii) Fartlek Training Method : Fartlek is a training method that blends continuous training with interval training. It is a form of speed training that can be effective in improving individual’s speed and endurance. Many runners, especially beginners enjoy fartlek training because it involves speed work. It is more flexible and not as demanding as traditional interval training. Another benefit is that it can be done on all types of terrains-roads, trails or even hills.

Answer : Strength is the ability of a muscle to exert force in single muscle contraction or it is the ability to overcome resistance. Strength is an essential component of physical fitness.

Types of exercises for strength development are:

i) Isometric Exercises : ‘Iso’ means ‘constant’ and ‘metric’ means ‘length’. An isometric contraction occurs when there is tension on a muscle but no movement is made, causing the length of the muscle to remain the same.

ii) Isotonic Exercise : Isotonic exercise is a form of exercise which involves controlled contraction and extension of muscles and mobilisation of the joints around those muscles.

iii) Isokinetic Exercises : Isokinetic exercises are performed on specially designed machines. These exercises were developed by Perrine in 1968. In these exercises, there is movement along with continuous tension in both flexor and extensor muscles.

Answer : An isometric contraction occurs when there is tension on a muscle without any movement. The length of the muscles remains constant.

Isotonic exercises involve controlled contraction and extension of muscles and mobilisation of the joints around those muscles.

A comparison between their characteristics is given below:

S.No.	Isometric Exercises	Isotonic Exercises
i)	Less or no equipment required.	Sometimes equipment is required to perform them.
ii)	It develops static strength.	It develops dynamic strength.
iii)	It needs less time.	Muscles which are used in this exercise gain most strength.

Answer : The various factors of speed are:

i) Reaction Speed : It is the ability to respond to a given stimulus as quickly as possible. In sports, reaction ability is not only significant to react quickly to a signal, but it should also be accurate according to situation.

ii) Movement Speed : It is the ability to do a single movement in the minimum time. Movement speed is of high relevance in sports like jumping, throwing, kicking, boxing etc.

iii) Acceleration Speed : It is the ability to increase speed from minimum to maximum. This form of speed, to a great extent, depends upon explosive strength, frequency of movement and technique. This ability is important in swimming, hockey, football, gymnastics etc.

iv) Locomotor Ability : It can be defined as the ability to maintain maximum speed of locomotion over a period of time as far as possible. This ability is very important in races, speed skating, swimming, hockey, football etc.

v) Speed Endurance : It is the ability to do sports movements with high speed under conditions of fatigue.Speed endurance is a combination of speed and endurance abilities. This ability depends upon anaerobic capacity, psychic factors and level of skill.

Answer : Speed is the ability of an individual to cover maximum distance in minimum possible time.

Developing Methods

i) Acceleration Runs : Acceleration runs are usually adopted to develop speed specially in attaining maximum speed from a stationary position. Before acceleration runs, proper warm up must be done. After every acceleration run, there should be proper interval so that the athlete may start the next run without any fatigue. Generally, the athlete should take rest of 4 to 5 minutes between the runs.

ii) Pace Races : Pace races mean running the whole distance of a race at a constant speed. In pace races, an athlete runs the race with uniform speed, generally 800 m and above. Very young children can maintain their maximum speed for 15 to 20 m, whereas a well-trained athlete can maintain maximum speed for 40 m. Repetitions can be fixed according to the standard of the athletes.

Answer : The different types of coordinative activities are:

i) Differentiation Ability : It is the ability to achieve a high level of fine tuning or harmony of individual movement phases and body part movements.

ii) Orientation Ability : It is the ability to determine and change the position and movements of the body in time and space in relation to a definite of action e.g. playing field, boxing ring, apparatus and a moving object, e.g.ball, opponent, partner.

iii) Coupling Ability : It is the ability to coordinate body part movements (e.g. movements of hand, feet, trunk etc) with one another and in relation to a definite goal-oriented whole body movement. Coupling ability is especially important in sports in which movements with a high degree of difficulty have to be done e.g. gymnastics, team games.

iv) Reaction Ability : It is the ability to react quickly and effectively to a signal.

v) Balance Ability : It is the ability to maintain balance during whole body movements and to regain balance quickly after balance disturbing movements.

vi) Rhythm Ability : It is the ability to perceive an externally given rhythm and to reproduce it in motor action.

vii) Adaptation Ability : It is the ability to adjust or completely change the movement programme during movement on the basis of changes or anticipated changes in the situation.

Answer : Improved reaction ability is a performance prerequisite to do motor actions under given conditions in minimum time. There are two methods for improving this.

They are:

i) Acceleration Runs : Acceleration runs are usually adopted to develop speed specially in attaining maximum speed from a stationary position. Before acceleration runs, proper warm up must be done. After every acceleration run, there should be proper interval so that the athlete may start the next run without any fatigue. Generally, the athlete should take rest of 4 to 5 minutes between the runs.

ii) Pace Races : Pace races mean running the whole distance of a race at a constant speed. In pace races, an athlete runs the race with uniform speed, generally 800 m and above. Very young children can maintain their maximum speed for 15 to 20 m, whereas a well-trained athlete can maintain maximum speed for 40 m. Repetitions can be fixed according to the standard of the athletes.

5 Marks Questions

Answer : Strength is the ability of our muscles to overcome resistance.

We use the following methods of strength development:

i) Isometric Exercises : ‘Iso’ means ‘constant’ and ‘metric’ means ‘length’. An isometric contraction occurs when there is tension on a muscle but no movement is made, causing the length of the muscle to remain the same.

Advantages :

• Develops static strength
• Needs less time
• Can be performed anywhere because no equipment is required.

Disadvantages : 

• Muscles gain most strength at the angel used in exercise.
• Avoid if you have heart problems as they cause a rise in blood pressure due to a drop in blood flow to the muscle during the contraction.

ii) Isotonic Exercise : Isotonic exercise is a form of exercise which involves controlled contraction and extension of muscles and mobilisation of the joints around those muscles.

Advantages : 

• Strengthens the muscle throughout the range of motion.
• Can be adapted easily to suit different sports.

Disadvantages : 

• Muscle soreness after exercise because of the high stress level.
• Muscles gain the dynamic strength when they are at their weakest point of action.

iii) Isokinetic Exercises : Isokinetic exercises are performed on specially designed machines. These exercises were developed by Perrine in 1968. In these exercises, there is movement along with continuous tension in both flexor and extensor muscles.

Advantages : 

• They develop a high level of dynamic as well as explosive strength.
• These are effective for almost every game.

Disadvantages :

• They require special types of equipment.
• They must be performed under observation of a coach.